diff --git a/llvm/docs/LangRef.rst b/llvm/docs/LangRef.rst
index 8ea850af7a69b..5c5c6ec96cfc7 100644
--- a/llvm/docs/LangRef.rst
+++ b/llvm/docs/LangRef.rst
@@ -7933,6 +7933,67 @@ The attributes in this metadata is added to all followup loops of the
 loop distribution pass. See
 :ref:`Transformation Metadata <transformation-metadata>` for details.
 
+'``llvm.loop.estimated_trip_count``' Metadata
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+This metadata records an estimated trip count for the loop.  The first operand
+is the string ``llvm.loop.estimated_trip_count``.  The second operand is an
+integer specifying the count, which might be omitted for the reasons described
+below.  For example:
+
+.. code-block:: llvm
+
+   !0 = !{!"llvm.loop.estimated_trip_count", i32 8}
+   !1 = !{!"llvm.loop.estimated_trip_count"}
+
+Purpose
+"""""""
+
+A loop's estimated trip count is an estimate of the average number of loop
+iterations (specifically, the number of times the loop's header executes) each
+time execution reaches the loop.  It is usually only an estimate based on, for
+example, profile data.  The actual number of iterations might vary widely.
+
+The estimated trip count serves as a parameter for various loop transformations
+and typically helps estimate transformation cost.  For example, it can help
+determine how many iterations to peel or how aggressively to unroll.
+
+Initialization and Maintenance
+""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
+
+The ``pgo-estimate-trip-counts`` pass typically runs immediately after profile
+ingestion to add this metadata to all loops.  It estimates each loop's trip
+count from the loop's ``branch_weights`` metadata.  This way of initially
+estimating trip counts appears to be useful for the passes that consume them.
+
+As passes transform existing loops and create new loops, they must be free to
+update and create ``branch_weights`` metadata to maintain accurate block
+frequencies.  Trip counts estimated from this new ``branch_weights`` metadata
+are not necessarily useful to the passes that consume them.  In general, when
+passes transform and create loops, they should separately estimate new trip
+counts from previously estimated trip counts, and they should record them by
+creating or updating this metadata.  For this or any other work involving
+estimated trip counts, passes should always call
+``llvm::getLoopEstimatedTripCount`` and ``llvm::setLoopEstimatedTripCount``.
+
+Missing Metadata and Values
+"""""""""""""""""""""""""""
+
+If the current implementation of ``pgo-estimate-trip-counts`` cannot estimate a
+trip count from the loop's ``branch_weights`` metadata due to the loop's form or
+due to missing profile data, it creates this metadata for the loop but omits the
+value.  This situation is currently common (e.g., the LLVM IR loop that Clang
+emits for a simple C ``for`` loop).  A later pass (e.g., ``loop-rotate``) might
+modify the loop's form in a way that enables estimating its trip count even if
+those modifications provably never impact the actual number of loop iterations.
+That later pass should then add an appropriate value to the metadata.
+
+However, not all such passes currently do so.  Thus, if this metadata has no
+value, ``llvm::getLoopEstimatedTripCount`` will disregard it and estimate the
+trip count from the loop's ``branch_weights`` metadata.  It does the same when
+the metadata is missing altogether, perhaps because ``pgo-estimate-trip-counts``
+was not specified in a minimal pass list to a tool like ``opt``.
+
 '``llvm.licm.disable``' Metadata
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
diff --git a/llvm/include/llvm/Analysis/LoopInfo.h b/llvm/include/llvm/Analysis/LoopInfo.h
index a7a6a2753709c..a06be573b5e01 100644
--- a/llvm/include/llvm/Analysis/LoopInfo.h
+++ b/llvm/include/llvm/Analysis/LoopInfo.h
@@ -637,9 +637,13 @@ LLVM_ABI std::optional<bool> getOptionalBoolLoopAttribute(const Loop *TheLoop,
 /// Returns true if Name is applied to TheLoop and enabled.
 LLVM_ABI bool getBooleanLoopAttribute(const Loop *TheLoop, StringRef Name);
 
-/// Find named metadata for a loop with an integer value.
-LLVM_ABI std::optional<int> getOptionalIntLoopAttribute(const Loop *TheLoop,
-                                                        StringRef Name);
+/// Find named metadata for a loop with an integer value.  Return
+/// \c std::nullopt if the metadata has no value or is missing altogether.  If
+/// \p Missing, set \c *Missing to indicate whether the metadata is missing
+/// altogether.
+LLVM_ABI std::optional<int>
+getOptionalIntLoopAttribute(const Loop *TheLoop, StringRef Name,
+                            bool *Missing = nullptr);
 
 /// Find named metadata for a loop with an integer value. Return \p Default if
 /// not set.
diff --git a/llvm/include/llvm/Transforms/Instrumentation/PGOEstimateTripCounts.h b/llvm/include/llvm/Transforms/Instrumentation/PGOEstimateTripCounts.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..1b35c1c77e5c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/llvm/include/llvm/Transforms/Instrumentation/PGOEstimateTripCounts.h
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+//===- PGOEstimateTripCounts.h ----------------------------------*- C++ -*-===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#ifndef LLVM_TRANSFORMS_INSTRUMENTATION_PGOESTIMATETRIPCOUNTS_H
+#define LLVM_TRANSFORMS_INSTRUMENTATION_PGOESTIMATETRIPCOUNTS_H
+
+#include "llvm/IR/PassManager.h"
+
+namespace llvm {
+
+struct PGOEstimateTripCountsPass
+    : public PassInfoMixin<PGOEstimateTripCountsPass> {
+  PGOEstimateTripCountsPass() {}
+  PreservedAnalyses run(Module &M, ModuleAnalysisManager &AM);
+};
+
+} // namespace llvm
+
+#endif // LLVM_TRANSFORMS_INSTRUMENTATION_PGOESTIMATETRIPCOUNTS_H
diff --git a/llvm/include/llvm/Transforms/Utils/LoopUtils.h b/llvm/include/llvm/Transforms/Utils/LoopUtils.h
index e4d2f9d191707..7d03fb0d81e4c 100644
--- a/llvm/include/llvm/Transforms/Utils/LoopUtils.h
+++ b/llvm/include/llvm/Transforms/Utils/LoopUtils.h
@@ -316,28 +316,73 @@ LLVM_ABI TransformationMode hasDistributeTransformation(const Loop *L);
 LLVM_ABI TransformationMode hasLICMVersioningTransformation(const Loop *L);
 /// @}
 
-/// Set input string into loop metadata by keeping other values intact.
-/// If the string is already in loop metadata update value if it is
-/// different.
-LLVM_ABI void addStringMetadataToLoop(Loop *TheLoop, const char *MDString,
-                                      unsigned V = 0);
-
-/// Returns a loop's estimated trip count based on branch weight metadata.
-/// In addition if \p EstimatedLoopInvocationWeight is not null it is
-/// initialized with weight of loop's latch leading to the exit.
-/// Returns a valid positive trip count, saturated at UINT_MAX, or std::nullopt
-/// when a meaningful estimate cannot be made.
+/// Set the string \p MDString into the loop metadata of \p TheLoop while
+/// keeping other loop metadata intact.  Set \p *V as its value, or set it
+/// without a value if \p V is \c std::nullopt to indicate the value is unknown.
+/// If \p MDString is already in the loop metadata, update it if its value (or
+/// lack of value) is different.  Return true if metadata was changed.
+LLVM_ABI bool addStringMetadataToLoop(Loop *TheLoop, const char *MDString,
+                                      std::optional<unsigned> V = 0);
+
+/// Return either:
+/// - The value of \c llvm.loop.estimated_trip_count from the loop metadata of
+///   \p L, if that metadata is present and has a value.
+/// - Else, a new estimate of the trip count from the latch branch weights of
+///   \p L, if the estimation's implementation is able to handle the loop form
+///   of \p L (e.g., \p L must have a latch block that controls the loop exit).
+/// - Else, \c std::nullopt.
+///
+/// An estimated trip count is always a valid positive trip count, saturated at
+/// \c UINT_MAX.
+///
+/// Via \c LLVM_DEBUG, emit diagnostics that include "WARNING" when the metadata
+/// is in an unexpected state as that indicates some transformation has
+/// corrupted it.  If \p DbgForInit, expect the metadata to be missing.
+/// Otherwise, expect the metadata to be present, and expect it to have no value
+/// only if the trip count is currently inestimable from the latch branch
+/// weights.
+///
+/// In addition, if \p EstimatedLoopInvocationWeight, then either:
+/// - Set \p *EstimatedLoopInvocationWeight to the weight of the latch's branch
+///   to the loop exit.
+/// - Do not set it and return \c std::nullopt if the current implementation
+///   cannot compute that weight (e.g., if \p L does not have a latch block that
+///   controls the loop exit) or the weight is zero (because zero cannot be
+///   used to compute new branch weights that reflect the estimated trip count).
+///
+/// TODO: Eventually, once all passes have migrated away from setting branch
+/// weights to indicate estimated trip counts, this function will drop the
+/// \p EstimatedLoopInvocationWeight parameter.
 LLVM_ABI std::optional<unsigned>
 getLoopEstimatedTripCount(Loop *L,
-                          unsigned *EstimatedLoopInvocationWeight = nullptr);
-
-/// Set a loop's branch weight metadata to reflect that loop has \p
-/// EstimatedTripCount iterations and \p EstimatedLoopInvocationWeight exits
-/// through latch. Returns true if metadata is successfully updated, false
-/// otherwise. Note that loop must have a latch block which controls loop exit
-/// in order to succeed.
-LLVM_ABI bool setLoopEstimatedTripCount(Loop *L, unsigned EstimatedTripCount,
-                                        unsigned EstimatedLoopInvocationWeight);
+                          unsigned *EstimatedLoopInvocationWeight = nullptr,
+                          bool DbgForInit = false);
+
+/// Set \c llvm.loop.estimated_trip_count with the value \c *EstimatedTripCount
+/// in the loop metadata of \p L, or set it without a value if
+/// \c !EstimatedTripCount to indicate that \c getLoopEstimatedTripCount cannot
+/// estimate the trip count from latch branch weights.  If
+/// \c !EstimatedTripCount but \c getLoopEstimatedTripCount can estimate the
+/// trip counts, future calls to \c getLoopEstimatedTripCount will diagnose the
+/// metadata as corrupt.
+///
+/// In addition, if \p EstimatedLoopInvocationWeight, set the branch weight
+/// metadata of \p L to reflect that \p L has an estimated
+/// \c *EstimatedTripCount iterations and has \c *EstimatedLoopInvocationWeight
+/// exit weight through the loop's latch.
+///
+/// Return false if \c llvm.loop.estimated_trip_count was already set according
+/// to \p EstimatedTripCount and so was not updated.  Return false if
+/// \p EstimatedLoopInvocationWeight and if branch weight metadata could not be
+/// successfully updated (e.g., if \p L does not have a latch block that
+/// controls the loop exit).  Otherwise, return true.
+///
+/// TODO: Eventually, once all passes have migrated away from setting branch
+/// weights to indicate estimated trip counts, this function will drop the
+/// \p EstimatedLoopInvocationWeight parameter.
+LLVM_ABI bool setLoopEstimatedTripCount(
+    Loop *L, std::optional<unsigned> EstimatedTripCount,
+    std::optional<unsigned> EstimatedLoopInvocationWeight = std::nullopt);
 
 /// Check inner loop (L) backedge count is known to be invariant on all
 /// iterations of its outer loop. If the loop has no parent, this is trivially
diff --git a/llvm/lib/Analysis/LoopInfo.cpp b/llvm/lib/Analysis/LoopInfo.cpp
index 901cfe03ecd33..ba2c30b3c4764 100644
--- a/llvm/lib/Analysis/LoopInfo.cpp
+++ b/llvm/lib/Analysis/LoopInfo.cpp
@@ -1112,9 +1112,13 @@ bool llvm::getBooleanLoopAttribute(const Loop *TheLoop, StringRef Name) {
 }
 
 std::optional<int> llvm::getOptionalIntLoopAttribute(const Loop *TheLoop,
-                                                     StringRef Name) {
-  const MDOperand *AttrMD =
-      findStringMetadataForLoop(TheLoop, Name).value_or(nullptr);
+                                                     StringRef Name,
+                                                     bool *Missing) {
+  std::optional<const MDOperand *> AttrMDOpt =
+      findStringMetadataForLoop(TheLoop, Name);
+  if (Missing)
+    *Missing = !AttrMDOpt;
+  const MDOperand *AttrMD = AttrMDOpt.value_or(nullptr);
   if (!AttrMD)
     return std::nullopt;
 
diff --git a/llvm/lib/Passes/PassBuilder.cpp b/llvm/lib/Passes/PassBuilder.cpp
index 572e5f19a1972..f593c5bba7573 100644
--- a/llvm/lib/Passes/PassBuilder.cpp
+++ b/llvm/lib/Passes/PassBuilder.cpp
@@ -248,6 +248,7 @@
 #include "llvm/Transforms/Instrumentation/NumericalStabilitySanitizer.h"
 #include "llvm/Transforms/Instrumentation/PGOCtxProfFlattening.h"
 #include "llvm/Transforms/Instrumentation/PGOCtxProfLowering.h"
+#include "llvm/Transforms/Instrumentation/PGOEstimateTripCounts.h"
 #include "llvm/Transforms/Instrumentation/PGOForceFunctionAttrs.h"
 #include "llvm/Transforms/Instrumentation/PGOInstrumentation.h"
 #include "llvm/Transforms/Instrumentation/RealtimeSanitizer.h"
diff --git a/llvm/lib/Passes/PassBuilderPipelines.cpp b/llvm/lib/Passes/PassBuilderPipelines.cpp
index 98821bb1408a7..fc0d88e710426 100644
--- a/llvm/lib/Passes/PassBuilderPipelines.cpp
+++ b/llvm/lib/Passes/PassBuilderPipelines.cpp
@@ -80,6 +80,7 @@
 #include "llvm/Transforms/Instrumentation/MemProfUse.h"
 #include "llvm/Transforms/Instrumentation/PGOCtxProfFlattening.h"
 #include "llvm/Transforms/Instrumentation/PGOCtxProfLowering.h"
+#include "llvm/Transforms/Instrumentation/PGOEstimateTripCounts.h"
 #include "llvm/Transforms/Instrumentation/PGOForceFunctionAttrs.h"
 #include "llvm/Transforms/Instrumentation/PGOInstrumentation.h"
 #include "llvm/Transforms/Scalar/ADCE.h"
@@ -1268,8 +1269,13 @@ PassBuilder::buildModuleSimplificationPipeline(OptimizationLevel Level,
     MPM.addPass(MemProfUsePass(PGOOpt->MemoryProfile, PGOOpt->FS));
 
   if (PGOOpt && (PGOOpt->Action == PGOOptions::IRUse ||
-                 PGOOpt->Action == PGOOptions::SampleUse))
+                 PGOOpt->Action == PGOOptions::SampleUse)) {
     MPM.addPass(PGOForceFunctionAttrsPass(PGOOpt->ColdOptType));
+    // TODO: Is this the right place for this pass?  Should we enable it in any
+    // other case, such as when __builtin_expect_with_probability or
+    // __builtin_expect appears in the source code but profiles are not read?
+    MPM.addPass(PGOEstimateTripCountsPass());
+  }
 
   MPM.addPass(AlwaysInlinerPass(/*InsertLifetimeIntrinsics=*/true));
 
@@ -2355,4 +2361,4 @@ AAManager PassBuilder::buildDefaultAAPipeline() {
 bool PassBuilder::isInstrumentedPGOUse() const {
   return (PGOOpt && PGOOpt->Action == PGOOptions::IRUse) ||
          !UseCtxProfile.empty();
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/llvm/lib/Passes/PassRegistry.def b/llvm/lib/Passes/PassRegistry.def
index 96250772da4a0..6e7ac959f57f4 100644
--- a/llvm/lib/Passes/PassRegistry.def
+++ b/llvm/lib/Passes/PassRegistry.def
@@ -124,6 +124,7 @@ MODULE_PASS("openmp-opt", OpenMPOptPass())
 MODULE_PASS("openmp-opt-postlink",
             OpenMPOptPass(ThinOrFullLTOPhase::FullLTOPostLink))
 MODULE_PASS("partial-inliner", PartialInlinerPass())
+MODULE_PASS("pgo-estimate-trip-counts", PGOEstimateTripCountsPass())
 MODULE_PASS("pgo-icall-prom", PGOIndirectCallPromotion())
 MODULE_PASS("pgo-instr-gen", PGOInstrumentationGen())
 MODULE_PASS("pgo-instr-use", PGOInstrumentationUse())
diff --git a/llvm/lib/Transforms/Instrumentation/CMakeLists.txt b/llvm/lib/Transforms/Instrumentation/CMakeLists.txt
index 15fd421a41b0f..0a97ed4b51e69 100644
--- a/llvm/lib/Transforms/Instrumentation/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/llvm/lib/Transforms/Instrumentation/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ add_llvm_component_library(LLVMInstrumentation
   LowerAllowCheckPass.cpp
   PGOCtxProfFlattening.cpp
   PGOCtxProfLowering.cpp
+  PGOEstimateTripCounts.cpp
   PGOForceFunctionAttrs.cpp
   PGOInstrumentation.cpp
   PGOMemOPSizeOpt.cpp
diff --git a/llvm/lib/Transforms/Instrumentation/PGOEstimateTripCounts.cpp b/llvm/lib/Transforms/Instrumentation/PGOEstimateTripCounts.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..762aca0b897ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/llvm/lib/Transforms/Instrumentation/PGOEstimateTripCounts.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#include "llvm/Transforms/Instrumentation/PGOEstimateTripCounts.h"
+#include "llvm/Analysis/LoopInfo.h"
+#include "llvm/IR/Module.h"
+#include "llvm/Transforms/Utils/LoopUtils.h"
+
+using namespace llvm;
+
+#define DEBUG_TYPE "pgo-estimate-trip-counts"
+
+static bool runOnLoop(Loop *L) {
+  bool MadeChange = false;
+  std::optional<unsigned> TC = getLoopEstimatedTripCount(
+      L, /*EstimatedLoopInvocationWeight=*/nullptr, /*DbgForInit=*/true);
+  MadeChange |= setLoopEstimatedTripCount(L, TC);
+  for (Loop *SL : *L)
+    MadeChange |= runOnLoop(SL);
+  return MadeChange;
+}
+
+PreservedAnalyses PGOEstimateTripCountsPass::run(Module &M,
+                                                 ModuleAnalysisManager &AM) {
+  FunctionAnalysisManager &FAM =
+      AM.getResult<FunctionAnalysisManagerModuleProxy>(M).getManager();
+  bool MadeChange = false;
+  LLVM_DEBUG(dbgs() << DEBUG_TYPE << ": start\n");
+  for (Function &F : M) {
+    if (F.isDeclaration())
+      continue;
+    LoopInfo *LI = &FAM.getResult<LoopAnalysis>(F);
+    if (!LI)
+      continue;
+    for (Loop *L : *LI)
+      MadeChange |= runOnLoop(L);
+  }
+  LLVM_DEBUG(dbgs() << DEBUG_TYPE << ": end\n");
+  return MadeChange ? PreservedAnalyses::none() : PreservedAnalyses::all();
+}
diff --git a/llvm/lib/Transforms/Utils/LoopUtils.cpp b/llvm/lib/Transforms/Utils/LoopUtils.cpp
index 200d1fb854155..50530590cf368 100644
--- a/llvm/lib/Transforms/Utils/LoopUtils.cpp
+++ b/llvm/lib/Transforms/Utils/LoopUtils.cpp
@@ -54,6 +54,8 @@ using namespace llvm::PatternMatch;
 
 static const char *LLVMLoopDisableNonforced = "llvm.loop.disable_nonforced";
 static const char *LLVMLoopDisableLICM = "llvm.licm.disable";
+static const char *LLVMLoopEstimatedTripCount =
+    "llvm.loop.estimated_trip_count";
 
 bool llvm::formDedicatedExitBlocks(Loop *L, DominatorTree *DT, LoopInfo *LI,
                                    MemorySSAUpdater *MSSAU,
@@ -201,34 +203,40 @@ void llvm::initializeLoopPassPass(PassRegistry &Registry) {
 }
 
 /// Create MDNode for input string.
-static MDNode *createStringMetadata(Loop *TheLoop, StringRef Name, unsigned V) {
+static MDNode *createStringMetadata(Loop *TheLoop, StringRef Name,
+                                    std::optional<unsigned> V) {
   LLVMContext &Context = TheLoop->getHeader()->getContext();
-  Metadata *MDs[] = {
-      MDString::get(Context, Name),
-      ConstantAsMetadata::get(ConstantInt::get(Type::getInt32Ty(Context), V))};
-  return MDNode::get(Context, MDs);
+  if (V) {
+    Metadata *MDs[] = {MDString::get(Context, Name),
+                       ConstantAsMetadata::get(
+                           ConstantInt::get(Type::getInt32Ty(Context), *V))};
+    return MDNode::get(Context, MDs);
+  }
+  return MDNode::get(Context, {MDString::get(Context, Name)});
 }
 
-/// Set input string into loop metadata by keeping other values intact.
-/// If the string is already in loop metadata update value if it is
-/// different.
-void llvm::addStringMetadataToLoop(Loop *TheLoop, const char *StringMD,
-                                   unsigned V) {
+bool llvm::addStringMetadataToLoop(Loop *TheLoop, const char *StringMD,
+                                   std::optional<unsigned> V) {
   SmallVector<Metadata *, 4> MDs(1);
   // If the loop already has metadata, retain it.
   MDNode *LoopID = TheLoop->getLoopID();
   if (LoopID) {
     for (unsigned i = 1, ie = LoopID->getNumOperands(); i < ie; ++i) {
       MDNode *Node = cast<MDNode>(LoopID->getOperand(i));
-      // If it is of form key = value, try to parse it.
-      if (Node->getNumOperands() == 2) {
+      // If it is of form key [= value], try to parse it.
+      unsigned NumOps = Node->getNumOperands();
+   ...
[truncated]